Scientific studies

Read the research for yourself.

Every ingredient in our age hack range is chosen and dosed from published research. These are the papers we reference on our product pages, in full, free to read or download.

26
papers in the library
12
studies in people
12
reviews and meta-analyses
2
lab and animal studies

Before you start reading

These papers test ingredients, not our products.

They study NMN, spermidine, fisetin and quercetin on their own. We haven’t run clinical trials on our own formulas, and we’ll never suggest that we have.

Not all evidence carries the same weight.

A trial in people tells you more than a result in mice or cells. Each paper is tagged so you can see which kind it is, and our summaries say where a study was small or early.

We note who paid for the research.

Some trials were funded by ingredient makers. That doesn’t make them wrong, but it’s worth knowing, so we flag it where the paper declares it.

Showing all 26 papers

NMN

Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a building block your cells use to make NAD+.

Used in age hack energy 440mg NMN per daily dose
2026
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Nutrients

Safety and metabolism-related outcomes of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Yang W, Huang J, Tang Z, Chen C, Sun Y
What it foundPooling 15 randomised trials, NMN did not increase overall, serious or system-specific side effects, and did not raise liver enzymes. It showed no significant effect on weight, blood sugar or cholesterol, and a slight fall in diastolic blood pressure.
  • 15 randomised trials
  • 250–2,000mg a day
  • 14 days to 24 weeks
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Safety and metabolism-related outcomes of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis Download PDF: Safety and metabolism-related outcomes of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis PDF · 6.2 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2025
Post hoc analysis of a trial
GeroScience

Association between blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and blood laboratory parameters at baseline and after nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in middle-aged healthy individuals

Kuerec AH, Wang W, Fokke KDM, et al.
What it foundA follow-up analysis of the Yi 2023 trial led from the National University of Singapore. Larger rises in blood NAD after NMN were linked to small increases in haemoglobin and red blood cells, all within normal ranges. The authors describe the findings as exploratory.
  • 80 healthy adults
  • 60 days
  • 300–900mg NMN a day
  • Original trial funded by Aba Chemicals and Abinopharm
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Association between blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and blood laboratory parameters at baseline and after nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in middle-aged healthy individuals Download PDF: Association between blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and blood laboratory parameters at baseline and after nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in middle-aged healthy individuals PDF · 402 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2023
Randomised controlled trial
Scientific Reports

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Katayoshi T, Uehata S, Nakashima N, et al.
What it foundNMN raised serum nicotinamide, a marker of NAD+ metabolism, and was well tolerated. Arterial stiffness trended down but not significantly overall; the drop was significant only in people with higher BMI or blood glucose.
  • 36 healthy adults aged 40–59
  • 12 weeks
  • 250mg NMN a day
  • Funded by DHC Corporation, a supplement company
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Download PDF: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial PDF · 1.1 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2023
Randomised controlled trial
GeroScience

The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial

Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al.
What it foundBlood NAD levels rose in a dose-dependent way over 60 days, and walking distance in a six-minute test improved in the NMN groups. NMN was well tolerated at every dose tested.
  • 80 healthy adults aged 40–65
  • 60 days
  • 300, 600 or 900mg NMN a day
  • Sponsored by NMN manufacturers (Abinopharm, Aba Chemicals)
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial Download PDF: The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial PDF · 911 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2022
Randomised controlled trial
Nutrients

Effect of 12-week intake of nicotinamide mononucleotide on sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older Japanese adults: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study

Kim M, Seol J, Sato T, et al.
What it foundOlder adults who took NMN in the afternoon showed the largest improvement in a sit-to-stand leg test and in daytime drowsiness. The authors suggest timing may matter, though several measures also improved in the placebo groups.
  • 108 adults aged 65+
  • 12 weeks
  • 250mg NMN a day, morning or afternoon
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Effect of 12-week intake of nicotinamide mononucleotide on sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older Japanese adults: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study Download PDF: Effect of 12-week intake of nicotinamide mononucleotide on sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older Japanese adults: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study PDF · 515 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2022
Randomised controlled trial
Frontiers in Nutrition

Oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide is safe and efficiently increases blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels in healthy subjects

Okabe K, Yaku K, Uchida Y, et al.
What it foundTwelve weeks of NMN raised NAD+ levels in whole blood compared with placebo, with no significant safety concerns in clinical, blood or urine tests.
  • 30 healthy adults
  • 12 weeks
  • 250mg NMN a day
  • Some authors are employed by an NMN supplier (Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences)
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide is safe and efficiently increases blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels in healthy subjects Download PDF: Oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide is safe and efficiently increases blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels in healthy subjects PDF · 5.5 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2021
Randomised controlled trial
Science

Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women

Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al.
What it foundAfter 10 weeks of NMN, muscle insulin sensitivity rose by about 25% compared with before, with no change in the placebo group. NAD+ in blood cells increased. Body composition, blood pressure, muscle strength and mitochondrial capacity did not change, and no adverse events were reported.
  • 25 postmenopausal women with prediabetes
  • 10 weeks
  • 250mg NMN a day
  • Funded by the US National Institutes of Health
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women Download PDF: Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women PDF · 1.1 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2021
Randomised controlled trial
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study

Liao B, Zhao Y, Wang D, et al.
What it foundRunners who took NMN alongside six weeks of training improved their first ventilatory threshold more than those on placebo, with bigger gains at the 600mg and 1,200mg doses. VO2max did not differ between groups, which the authors read as better oxygen use by muscle rather than a change in the heart.
  • 48 recreational runners
  • 6 weeks with training
  • 300, 600 or 1,200mg NMN a day
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study Download PDF: Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study PDF · 610 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)

Spermidine

A natural polyamine from foods like wheat germ and buckwheat, linked to autophagy.

Used in age hack rejuvenation 10mg spermidine per daily dose
2026
Randomised controlled pilot
Aging Cell

Spermidine mitigates immune cell senescence and boosts vaccine responses in healthy older adults: a pilot study

Alsaleh G, Ali M, Kayvanjoo AH, et al.
What it foundSpermidine was well tolerated. In people who responded poorly to their COVID-19 booster, it reduced markers of immune cell ageing and improved antibody and memory B cell responses compared with placebo.
  • 40 adults over 65
  • 13 weeks
  • 6mg spermidine a day
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Spermidine mitigates immune cell senescence and boosts vaccine responses in healthy older adults: a pilot study Download PDF: Spermidine mitigates immune cell senescence and boosts vaccine responses in healthy older adults: a pilot study PDF · 6.5 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2021
Randomised trial, two doses
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift

The positive effect of spermidine in older adults suffering from dementia: first results of a 3-month trial

Pekar T, Bruckner K, Pauschenwein-Frantsich S, et al.
What it foundNursing home residents given higher-spermidine bread rolls saw their blood spermidine rise, and those with mild dementia improved by 2.23 points on a standard memory test (MMSE). The lower-dose group stayed level. There was no placebo group, so the authors cannot rule out a placebo effect.
  • 85 adults aged 60–96
  • 3 months
  • 3.3mg vs 1.9mg spermidine per roll
  • Investigator-funded
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): The positive effect of spermidine in older adults suffering from dementia: first results of a 3-month trial Download PDF: The positive effect of spermidine in older adults suffering from dementia: first results of a 3-month trial PDF · 806 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2021
Animal study and human cohort
Cell Reports

Dietary spermidine improves cognitive function

Schroeder S, Hofer SJ, Zimmermann A, et al.
What it foundExtra spermidine improved memory in flies and mice and boosted mitochondrial function in brain tissue, an effect that needed working autophagy. In a long-running human population study, higher dietary spermidine was linked with better cognitive performance.
  • Flies, mice and a human population cohort
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Dietary spermidine improves cognitive function Download PDF: Dietary spermidine improves cognitive function PDF · 3.6 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2018
Randomised controlled trial
Cortex

The effect of spermidine on memory performance in older adults at risk for dementia: a randomized controlled trial

Wirth M, Benson G, Schwarz C, et al.
What it foundIn this pilot trial, people taking a spermidine-rich plant extract improved moderately on a memory test compared with placebo. The authors note the small size and call for larger studies.
  • 30 older adults with subjective memory decline
  • 3 months
  • spermidine-rich plant extract
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): The effect of spermidine on memory performance in older adults at risk for dementia: a randomized controlled trial Download PDF: The effect of spermidine on memory performance in older adults at risk for dementia: a randomized controlled trial PDF · 1.1 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2018
Review, supplementary data
Science

Spermidine in health and disease: supplementary material

Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, Kroemer G
What it foundThe supporting tables from a major review of spermidine research, covering its effects across ageing, heart health, brain health and more. Useful for tracing the underlying studies.
  • Supplementary tables S1 and S2
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Spermidine in health and disease: supplementary material Download PDF: Spermidine in health and disease: supplementary material PDF · 1.3 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2005
Review, food data
Food Chemistry

A review of dietary polyamines: formation, implications for growth and health and occurrence in foods

Kalač P, Krausová P
What it foundBrings together data on how much spermidine and related polyamines foods contain. Legumes, cauliflower and broccoli are among the highest in spermidine, while aged cheeses are high in all polyamines.
  • Food composition data
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): A review of dietary polyamines: formation, implications for growth and health and occurrence in foods Download PDF: A review of dietary polyamines: formation, implications for growth and health and occurrence in foods PDF · 272 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)

Fisetin

A plant flavonoid found in strawberries and apples, studied as an antioxidant and senolytic.

Used in age hack protection 250mg fisetin per daily dose
2022
Systematic review, abstract
Phytomedicine

Recent advances in potential of fisetin in the management of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a systematic review

Prem PN, Sivakumar B, Boovarahan SR, Kurian GA
What it foundSummarises lab and animal studies on fisetin and heart tissue injury, which point to protective effects on mitochondria and oxidative stress. This file contains the abstract and outline; the full text is on the publisher’s site.
  • Lab and animal evidence
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Recent advances in potential of fisetin in the management of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a systematic review Download PDF: Recent advances in potential of fisetin in the management of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a systematic review PDF · 334 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2018
Lab, animal and human tissue
EBioMedicine

Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan

Yousefzadeh MJ, Zhu Y, McGowan SJ, et al.
What it foundOf 10 flavonoids tested, fisetin was the most effective at clearing senescent cells. Given to mice late in life, it reduced markers of senescence and age-related damage and extended median and maximum lifespan. It also reduced senescent cells in human fat tissue samples in the lab.
  • Cells, mice and human tissue samples
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan Download PDF: Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan PDF · 1.1 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2018
Randomised controlled trial
Food & Function

Effect of fisetin supplementation on inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes in colorectal cancer patients

Farsad-Naeimi A, Alizadeh M, Esfahani A, Aminabad ED
What it foundAmong patients on chemotherapy, the inflammatory marker IL-8 fell significantly with fisetin compared with placebo. CRP and MMP-7 also fell within the fisetin group, though not significantly versus placebo.
  • 37 adults
  • 7 weeks
  • 100mg fisetin a day
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Effect of fisetin supplementation on inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes in colorectal cancer patients Download PDF: Effect of fisetin supplementation on inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes in colorectal cancer patients PDF · 272 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2013
Review
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling

Fisetin: a dietary antioxidant for health promotion

Khan N, Syed DN, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H
What it foundA broad review of fisetin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nerve-protective effects in lab and animal studies, and where it is found in food. Strawberries contain the most, followed by apples and persimmons.
  • Lab and animal evidence
  • food sources
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Fisetin: a dietary antioxidant for health promotion Download PDF: Fisetin: a dietary antioxidant for health promotion PDF · 498 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)

Quercetin

A flavonoid found in onions, apples and tea, and a close chemical relative of fisetin.

Used in age hack protection 250mg quercetin per daily dose
2025
Randomised controlled trial
European Journal of Nutrition

Quercetin ingestion alters motor unit behavior and enhances improvement in muscle strength following resistance training in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Nishikawa T, Takeda R, Ueda S, et al.
What it foundBoth groups got stronger from six weeks of resistance training, but those taking quercetin gained more knee strength (about 15% vs 5%). Muscle size did not change, suggesting the benefit came from how nerves activate muscle.
  • 26 healthy older adults
  • 6 weeks with training
  • 200mg quercetin glycosides a day
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Quercetin ingestion alters motor unit behavior and enhances improvement in muscle strength following resistance training in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial Download PDF: Quercetin ingestion alters motor unit behavior and enhances improvement in muscle strength following resistance training in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial PDF · 1.6 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2021
Review
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

Mechanistic insights and perspectives involved in neuroprotective action of quercetin

Grewal AK, Singh TG, Sharma D, et al.
What it foundReviews how quercetin may protect nerve cells in lab and animal models, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cell-signalling effects.
  • Lab and animal evidence
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Mechanistic insights and perspectives involved in neuroprotective action of quercetin Download PDF: Mechanistic insights and perspectives involved in neuroprotective action of quercetin PDF · 7.9 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)

Ageing biology

Broader reviews on cellular senescence, antioxidants and nutrition that explain why these pathways matter.

Used in age hack pro all three pathways in one routine
2022
Review
International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Flavonoids: natural gifts to promote health and longevity

Fan X, Fan Z, Yang Z, et al.
What it foundReviews how flavonoids, including fisetin and quercetin, may slow ageing processes by clearing senescent cells, reducing inflammation and supporting metabolic balance. Notes that human clinical evidence is still limited.
  • Covers fisetin and quercetin
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Flavonoids: natural gifts to promote health and longevity Download PDF: Flavonoids: natural gifts to promote health and longevity PDF · 4.7 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2022
Review
Antioxidants

The role of antioxidants in the interplay between oxidative stress and senescence

Varesi A, Chirumbolo S, Campagnoli LIM, et al.
What it foundExplains how oxidative stress drives cells into senescence and reviews the evidence for dietary antioxidants in slowing that process.
  • Oxidative stress and senescence
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): The role of antioxidants in the interplay between oxidative stress and senescence Download PDF: The role of antioxidants in the interplay between oxidative stress and senescence PDF · 2.4 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2020
Review
Journal of Internal Medicine

Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation

Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T
What it foundWritten by the Mayo Clinic team who discovered the first senolytics, including quercetin and fisetin. Explains how clearing senescent cells works, why intermittent dosing may be enough, and where human trials stand.
  • Covers quercetin and fisetin
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation Download PDF: Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation PDF · 1.7 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2020
Systematic review
Molecules

Nutraceutical approaches of autophagy and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review

Gruendler R, Hippe B, Sendula Jengic V, Peterlin B, Haslberger AG
What it foundLooks at whether EGCG, fisetin and spermidine from food affect autophagy, inflammation and senescence in the brain, mostly in preclinical studies.
  • Covers fisetin and spermidine
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Nutraceutical approaches of autophagy and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review Download PDF: Nutraceutical approaches of autophagy and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review PDF · 1.1 MBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)
2018
Perspective
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Prolonging healthy aging: longevity vitamins and proteins

Ames BN
What it foundProposes that even modest nutrient shortfalls quietly speed up ageing, because the body prioritises short-term survival over long-term repair. A useful framework for why nutrition matters for healthy ageing.
  • Theory and review
Read the paper (PDF, opens in a new tab): Prolonging healthy aging: longevity vitamins and proteins Download PDF: Prolonging healthy aging: longevity vitamins and proteins PDF · 611 KBView at the publisher (opens in a new tab)

PDFs are provided for educational reference. Copyright remains with the authors and original publishers, and each paper should be read in full rather than through our summaries alone. Nothing on this page is medical advice. Speak to your doctor before starting a supplement, particularly if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medication or managing a health condition.

See how the research shapes each formula.

We dose to the studies and list every ingredient in milligrams. Pick the pathway you want to support.

age hack energy440mg NMN age hack rejuvenation10mg spermidine age hack protection250mg fisetin and 250mg quercetin
Shop age hack pro, all three in one routine